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8/05/2010
8/03/2010
foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a worldwide decentralized over-the-counter financial market for the trading of currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.[1]
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of its
* huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of its
* huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
commodity future trading，The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the United States government.
The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., prohibits fraudulent conduct in the trading of futures contracts. In 1974, Congress amended the Act to create a more comprehensive regulatory framework for the trading of futures contracts and created the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, replacing the Commodity Exchange Authority. The stated mission of the CFTC is to protect market users and the public from fraud, manipulation, and abusive practices related to the sale of commodity and financial futures and options, and to foster open, competitive, and financially sound futures and option markets.
The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., prohibits fraudulent conduct in the trading of futures contracts. In 1974, Congress amended the Act to create a more comprehensive regulatory framework for the trading of futures contracts and created the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, replacing the Commodity Exchange Authority. The stated mission of the CFTC is to protect market users and the public from fraud, manipulation, and abusive practices related to the sale of commodity and financial futures and options, and to foster open, competitive, and financially sound futures and option markets.
Fashionably Prude
I don't think that anyone who reads my blog, or my posts over on the at The Stir, would ever call me a prude but I’m a little old-fashioned when it comes to raising my kids. No violent video games, few PG-13 movies and no explicit music. (Except for that one song that got through on iTunes.)
And now this new one: no short shorts.
My almost 13-year-old stepdaughter, who usually wears Bermuda shorts and baggy t-shirts, brought a pair of jean shorts to my house that are short (2" inseam) and are low rise. The shorts aren't tight on her but I think that they show a lot of leg. (She is tall for her age.) When I asked her about them, she said she had even shorter ones at her mom's house but that she only wore those around the house, not out in public. (Okay, then why buy them? It's not like they're a comfortable pair of sweatpants.)
Maybe she is just testing the teenage waters. Maybe she's made some new friends up by her mom's house (two hours away) that dress more revealingly. Her mom obviously thinks it's okay. But then again, her mom thought that it was fine for her daughter to read the entire Clique series with such wonderful titles as "Dial L For Loser" and "Bratfest At Tiffany's". And read nothing else for 6 months.
Ultimately, these upbringing decisions are not mine to make for her. That's her father's responsibility. And her mother's. But he and I usually agree and present a united front. And what goes for his kid goes for both of mine. My daughter is 11 and I wouldn't let her wear shorts that short.
A few weeks ago, I asked a friend for her short shorts opinion. She has a 13 year-old daughter and I respect the way she and her husband are raising their kids. Her response to "how short is too short?" was "ankle length". But we're not Orthodox Jews so she settled on nothing shorter than a 3" inseam.
And now this new one: no short shorts.
My almost 13-year-old stepdaughter, who usually wears Bermuda shorts and baggy t-shirts, brought a pair of jean shorts to my house that are short (2" inseam) and are low rise. The shorts aren't tight on her but I think that they show a lot of leg. (She is tall for her age.) When I asked her about them, she said she had even shorter ones at her mom's house but that she only wore those around the house, not out in public. (Okay, then why buy them? It's not like they're a comfortable pair of sweatpants.)
Maybe she is just testing the teenage waters. Maybe she's made some new friends up by her mom's house (two hours away) that dress more revealingly. Her mom obviously thinks it's okay. But then again, her mom thought that it was fine for her daughter to read the entire Clique series with such wonderful titles as "Dial L For Loser" and "Bratfest At Tiffany's". And read nothing else for 6 months.
Ultimately, these upbringing decisions are not mine to make for her. That's her father's responsibility. And her mother's. But he and I usually agree and present a united front. And what goes for his kid goes for both of mine. My daughter is 11 and I wouldn't let her wear shorts that short.
A few weeks ago, I asked a friend for her short shorts opinion. She has a 13 year-old daughter and I respect the way she and her husband are raising their kids. Her response to "how short is too short?" was "ankle length". But we're not Orthodox Jews so she settled on nothing shorter than a 3" inseam.
Mr. Fowler and I are right there with her and the 3” minimum. I did have to go measure a few pairs of my shorts to make sure I wouldn't be guilty of the old double standard. But I’m okay. None of my shorts have an inseam shorter than a 3”.
I don't want the kids to grow up too fast but we are entering a new teenage era with our kids. Two of them will be going into high school next year. And I know I’m going to have to be flexible with my parenting as different situations arise. I feel lucky because we have three really good kids. Not perfect but good. Not sheltered but also not wise beyond their years.
I don't want the kids to grow up too fast but we are entering a new teenage era with our kids. Two of them will be going into high school next year. And I know I’m going to have to be flexible with my parenting as different situations arise. I feel lucky because we have three really good kids. Not perfect but good. Not sheltered but also not wise beyond their years.
And certain things will continue to be non-negotiable. Respect, kindness, thoughtfulness and no thongs sticking out of super low rise, extra tight jeans. And when our kids don’t live under our roof anymore, they can wear whatever they want. Hopefully, we’ll have helped instill in them a high level of self-esteem and confidence.
But in the meantime, I've got my ruler out and I'm ready to measure.
futures and options trading
futures and options trading
Futures options commodity trading topics on gold, silver, copper and crude oil, heating oil, gas futures and trading markets and hedging and hedge ratios.
Futures options commodity trading topics on gold, silver, copper and crude oil, heating oil, gas futures and trading markets and hedging and hedge ratios.
cbot futures
cbot futuresUS Index Futures and Options (CBOT). Dow Jones U.S. Real Estate Index .... We provide the widest range of benchmark futures and options products available
single stock futures as a substitute for short sales evidence from microstructure data
artley R. Danielsen1 , Robert A. Van Ness 1 and Richard S. Warr 1 * 1 The first and third authors are from the College of Management, North Carolina State University. The second author is from the University of Mississippi School of Business. They wish to thank the editor and the anonymous referee for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper as well as session participants at the 2007 Financial Management Association Annual Meeting. The usual disclaimer applies.
artley R. Danielsen
* Address for correspondence: Richard S. Warr, College of Management, Box 7229, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7229, USA.
e-mail: rswarr@ncsu.edu
e-mail: rswarr@ncsu.edu
Copyright Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
KEYWORDS
stock futures • microstructure • short sales
ABSTRACT
Abstract: We examine how the introduction of single-stock futures impacts short sale costs and short interest levels in the underlying spot market. We find that short selling in the underling securities declines, after futures are introduced, the cost of borrowing stock for short sales declines and the available unborrowed supply of lendable shares increases. These results are consistent with futures exchanges providing a low-cost substitute market for establishing short positions. Microstructure evidence also suggests that the lower cost and greater ease of short selling via futures markets draws informed traders from the spot market.
(Paper received October 2007, revised version accepted May 2009)
DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
10.1111/j.1468-5957.2009.02159.x
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